๐ŸŒŒ Cosmic Chronometer

Explore the expanding universe, redshift, and cosmic distances

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โš™๏ธ Controls

โฑ Epoch Configuration
Set when light was emitted and when it is observed
๐ŸŒŸ EMITTER EPOCH ๐Ÿ‘ OBSERVER EPOCH
EMITTER
13.11 Gyr ago
z = โ€”
OBSERVER
0.000 Gyr ago
a = 1.0000
Observed z: โ€”
Travel time: โ€”
โœฆ Emission Source
Select a cosmic emitter and the radiation band to visualise
Filter by Band
โ˜… Quick Presets
Photon Waveform
ฮ›EMIT: โ€” NM โ†’ ฮ›OBS: โ€” NM  ยท  โ†’  Band: โ€”
Source
โ€”
Emitter epoch
โ€” Gyr ago
Observer epoch
โ€” Gyr ago
Final redshift z
โ€”
Travel time
โ€” Gyr
Redshift Accumulated
z = 0.0000
wavelength stretch so far
0% of final z
Photon Energy Lost
0.0%
E = Eโ‚€ / (1+z)
Remaining: 100%
Tolman Dimming
1.00ร—
(1+z)โด ยท surface brightness
Dimming vs static universe
Comoving Distance
0.000
Gly ยท expansion-factored
0% of total
Physical Distance
0.000
Gly ยท real metres now
a = 1.0000
Luminosity Distance
0.000
Gly ยท flux-to-luminosity
DL = (1+z) ร— DC
Angular Diameter Distance
0.000
Gly ยท size-to-angle
DA = DC / (1+z)
Detection Instruments
Expanding Space
Grid
Zoom
Source: โ€”  ยท  a = 1.0000  ยท  z = โ€”  ยท  aemit = โ€”
Hubble Rate H(t)
โ€”
km/s/Mpc
0% of max
Abs. Expansion ศง
โ€”
โ€”
0% of max
Scale Factor
a = 1.0000
relative to today
Universe 100% of today
Recession Velocity (Now)
โ€”
km/s ยท โ€” ร— c
Hโ‚€ ร— Dproper
Particle Horizon (Emit)
โ€”
Gly ยท observable at emission
Max light-travel by epoch